exported
necessary
centrifuge
IRI:
http://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi#Centrifuge
Generated on 2026-04-13
Natural Language Definition
EN
A centrifuge is a separator that uses centrifugal force generated by a rotating drum to separate phases of different densities.
PT-BR
Uma centrífuga é um separador que usa força centrífuga gerada por um tambor rotativo para separar fases de diferentes densidades.
Formal Axioms
Semi-formal (Aristotelian)
Every centrifuge is a separator that has a rotating drum as component part and participates in centrifugal force processes.
First-Order Logic Theory
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▸ Stored override
∀x (Centrifuge(x) → Separator(x) ∧ ∃d (RotatingDrum(d) ∧ hasComponentPartAtAllTimes(x,d)) ∧ ∃p (CentrifugalForceProcess(p) ∧ participatesIn(x,p)))
OWL 2 / Turtle
@prefix copi: <https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi/> .
@prefix : <https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix bfo: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/> .
@prefix iof-core: <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/construct/> .
@prefix iof-av: <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/annotation/> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix qudt: <http://qudt.org/schema/qudt/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix apv: <http://inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/apv#> .
### COPI — Core Ontology for Petroleum Installations
### Class module: Centrifuge
<https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi>
rdf:type owl:Ontology ;
dcterms:title "Core Ontology for Petroleum Installations (COPI)"@en ;
dcterms:title "Ontologia Core para Instalações de Petróleo (COPI)"@pt-br ;
dcterms:description "BFO/IOF-Core conformant ontology of equipment classes for petroleum production plants, developed using the five-step RDL enrichment method."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "Material artifacts (bfo:material_entity) that (i) are part of a petroleum production plant, and (ii) bear at least one function whose realization involves the transport (e.g. production and injection), processing (separation and other processes), control, monitoring, measurement, containment or offloading of material or energy."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "Artefatos materiais (bfo:material_entity) que (i) fazem parte de uma planta de produção de petróleo, e (ii) possuem ao menos uma função cuja realização envolve o transporte (p. ex. produção e injeção), processamento (separação e outros processos), controle, monitoramento, medição, contenção ou escoamento de material ou energia."@pt-br ;
skos:scopeNote "COPI provides high-level equipment categories defined by function to demonstrate the defined-class mechanism. Equipment subtypes are annotated with references to CFIHOS and PCA RDL terms. COPI is not a reference data library; organizations should use CFIHOS, PCA RDL, or ISO 14224 for comprehensive equipment classification."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "COPI fornece categorias de alto nível de equipamentos definidas por função para demonstrar o mecanismo de classe definida. Os subtipos de equipamentos são anotados com referências aos termos do CFIHOS e do PCA RDL. COPI não é uma biblioteca de dados de referência; organizações devem utilizar o CFIHOS, o PCA RDL ou a ISO 14224 para classificação abrangente de equipamentos."@pt-br ;
owl:versionInfo "1.1.0" ;
owl:imports <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/core/Core/> ;
owl:imports <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/2020/bfo.owl> ;
dcterms:creator "Nicolau Oyhenard dos Santos"@en ;
dcterms:contributor "Cauã Antunes" ;
dcterms:contributor "Haroldo Rojas" ;
dcterms:contributor "Rafael Petry" ;
dcterms:contributor "Régis Romeu" ;
dcterms:contributor "Mara Abel" ;
dcterms:isPartOf <https://inf.ufrgs.br/projetos/OntoKG> ;
dcterms:publisher "Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)"@en ;
dcterms:license <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
dcterms:created "2026-04-08"^^xsd:date ;
dcterms:modified "2026-10-08"^^xsd:date ;
apv:GlobalMinLanguageCoverage "en pt-br" ;
apv:ClassURIFormationRule "https://www[.]inf[.]ufrgs[.]br/ontologies/copi/(COPI_[0-9]{7}|[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9]*)" ;
apv:ClassMinAnnotationCoverage "rdfs:label https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/annotation/naturalLanguageDefinition" .
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ;
apv:MinAnnotationLength 20 .
### Identity-giving function
:COPI_0000195 rdf:type owl:Class ; # SeparationFunction
rdfs:subClassOf iof-core:DesignedFunction ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty bfo:BFO_0000054 ; # realizedIn
owl:allValuesFrom :COPI_0000635 # SeparationProcess
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty bfo:BFO_0000054 ; # realizedIn
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000635 # SeparationProcess
] ;
rdfs:label "separation function"@en ;
rdfs:label "função de separação"@pt-br .
### Process type
:COPI_0000635 rdf:type owl:Class ; # SeparationProcess
rdfs:subClassOf :COPI_0000006 ; # MechanicalSeparation
rdfs:label "separation process"@en ;
rdfs:label "processo de separação"@pt-br .
:COPI_0000006 rdf:type owl:Class . # MechanicalSeparation
:COPI_0000635 # SeparationProcess
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasInput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000044 # FluidMixture
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasSpecifiedOutput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000037 # PortionOfFluid
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasSpecifiedOutput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000037 # PortionOfFluid
] .
### Equipment universal: Centrifuge
:COPI_0000225 rdf:type owl:Class ; # Centrifuge
rdfs:subClassOf :COPI_0000084 ; # Separator
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasFunction ; # Object branch (MaterialArtifact/Assembly/Object/FiatObjectPart)
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000195 # SeparationFunction
] ;
rdfs:label "centrifuge"@en ;
rdfs:label "centrífuga"@pt-br ;
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition "A centrifuge is a separator that uses centrifugal force generated by a rotating drum to separate phases of different densities."@en ;
skos:definition "A centrifuge is a separator that uses centrifugal force generated by a rotating drum to separate phases of different densities."@en ;
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition "Uma centrífuga é um separador que usa força centrífuga gerada por um tambor rotativo para separar fases de diferentes densidades."@pt-br ;
iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageAxiom "Every centrifuge is a separator that has a rotating drum as component part and participates in centrifugal force processes."@en ;
iof-av:firstOrderLogicAxiom "∀x (Centrifuge(x) → Separator(x) ∧ ∃d (RotatingDrum(d) ∧ hasComponentPartAtAllTimes(x,d)) ∧ ∃p (CentrifugalForceProcess(p) ∧ participatesIn(x,p)))"@en ;
iof-av:isPrimitive "true"^^xsd:boolean ;
iof-av:primitiveRationale "Although functionally defined as a separator, the constructive differentia (centrifugal mechanism) makes sufficient conditions complex under OWA. Any equipment with a rotating drum could potentially be classified as a centrifuge even if designed for other purposes (mixing, drying, etc.). Starting with necessary conditions protects against false positives."@en ;
skos:definition "[ISO 15926-4] A <CENTRIFUGE> is a <MACHINE> and a <SEPARATOR> that uses centrifugal force to separate phases of different densities"@en ;
skos:definition "[CFIHOS] A physical object that uses centrifugal force to separate phases of different densities."@en ;
skos:definition "[SLB Glossary] An item of solids-removal equipment that removes fine and ultrafine solids."@en ;
skos:definition "[OnePetro] A device that separates materials by density through a centrifugal motion."@en ;
skos:definition "[POSC Caesar] A 'separator' and 'machine' that uses centrifugal force to separate phases of different densities."@en .
# Disjointness: Centrifuge and Mixer
[] rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses ;
owl:members ( :COPI_0000225 :COPI_0000314 ) . # Centrifuge, Mixer
# Disjointness: Centrifuge and Dryer
[] rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses ;
owl:members ( :COPI_0000225 :COPI_0000258 ) . # Centrifuge, Dryer
Axiomatization Decision Log
1
Identity-Giving Function
Function class
SeparationFunction
⊑ DesignedFunction
Realized in
SeparationProcess
⊑ MechanicalSeparation
All definitions consistently identify separation as the identity-giving function. Since 'separator' is already enriched with SeparationFunction, we reuse this function rather than creating a new CentrifugalSeparationFunction. The centrifugal mechanism is a constructive differentia, not a functional one.
2
Genus Determination
Separator
ISO 15926 and POSC Caesar explicitly state centrifuge is a subtype of 'separator'. The separator class is already enriched in our ontology with function SeparationFunction and genus Vessel. This provides the most specific appropriate superclass, inheriting the separation function while allowing the centrifugal mechanism to serve as differentia.
3
Necessary Parts
No necessary parts recorded (concept may be primitive at this level).
These parts are universally required for centrifugal separation regardless of specific centrifuge type (bowl, decanting, filtering, etc.). The rotating drum generates centrifugal force, the drive system provides rotation, and housing provides containment and safety.
4
Process Participation Signature ⟨I, O, T⟩
Inputs (I)
FluidMixture
— contains phases of different densities
Outputs (O)
PortionOfFluid
— concentrated heavy components
PortionOfFluid
— concentrated light components
Transformation (T)
density-based phase separation using centrifugal force
Centrifuges specifically separate based on density differences using artificial centrifugal force, producing distinct heavy and light phase outputs from mixed input
5
Axiom Mode Decision
Necessary conditions only
— modelled as a primitive universal
(⊑, SubClassOf). Identity is grounded in designed
function and cannot be reduced to a property checklist.
Although functionally defined as a separator, the constructive differentia (centrifugal mechanism) makes sufficient conditions complex under OWA. Any equipment with a rotating drum could potentially be classified as a centrifuge even if designed for other purposes (mixing, drying, etc.). Starting with necessary conditions protects against false positives.
Disjointness Axioms
Mixer
Dryer
C4: Mixer. C?: Dryer [kind_ambiguous]. Mixers combine phases rather than separate them; dryers remove moisture through thermal processes rather than density separation; crushers reduce particle size through mechanical force rather than separating existing phases
Cross-Standard Observations
Good consistency across sources on centrifugal force mechanism and density-based separation. SLB Glossary focuses specifically on solids removal while others emphasize general phase separation - this suggests solids-liquid separation is a common but not exclusive application. ISO 15926 provides the most detailed subtype taxonomy.
