exported
necessary
gas engine
IRI:
http://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi#Gasengine
Generated on 2026-04-16
Natural Language Definition
EN
A gas engine is an engine that uses gaseous fuel as input, employs a spark ignition system, and operates with a reciprocating piston mechanism to generate mechanical energy.
PT-BR
Um motor a gás é um motor que usa combustível gasoso como entrada, emprega um sistema de ignição por centelha e opera com um mecanismo de pistão alternativo para gerar energia mecânica.
Formal Axioms
Semi-formal (Aristotelian)
Every gas engine is an engine that has gaseous fuel portion as input and has spark ignition system as component part at all times and has reciprocating piston mechanism as component part at all times.
First-Order Logic Theory
Loading…
▸ Stored override
∀x(GasEngine(x) → Engine(x) ∧ ∃f,s,r(FuelPortion(f) ∧ SparkIgnitionSystem(s) ∧ ReciprocatingPistonMechanism(r) ∧ hasInput(x,f) ∧ hasComponentPartAtAllTimes(x,s) ∧ hasComponentPartAtAllTimes(x,r)))
OWL 2 / Turtle
@prefix copi: <https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi/> .
@prefix : <https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix bfo: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/> .
@prefix iof-core: <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/construct/> .
@prefix iof-av: <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/annotation/> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix qudt: <http://qudt.org/schema/qudt/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix apv: <http://inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/apv#> .
### COPI — Core Ontology for Petroleum Installations
### Class module: GasEngine
<https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi>
rdf:type owl:Ontology ;
dcterms:title "Core Ontology for Petroleum Installations (COPI)"@en ;
dcterms:title "Ontologia Core para Instalações de Petróleo (COPI)"@pt-br ;
dcterms:description "BFO/IOF-Core conformant ontology of equipment classes for petroleum production plants, developed using the five-step RDL enrichment method."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "Material artifacts (bfo:material_entity) that (i) are part of a petroleum production plant, and (ii) bear at least one function whose realization involves the transport (e.g. production and injection), processing (separation and other processes), control, monitoring, measurement, containment or offloading of material or energy."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "Artefatos materiais (bfo:material_entity) que (i) fazem parte de uma planta de produção de petróleo, e (ii) possuem ao menos uma função cuja realização envolve o transporte (p. ex. produção e injeção), processamento (separação e outros processos), controle, monitoramento, medição, contenção ou escoamento de material ou energia."@pt-br ;
skos:scopeNote "COPI provides high-level equipment categories defined by function to demonstrate the defined-class mechanism. Equipment subtypes are annotated with references to CFIHOS and PCA RDL terms. COPI is not a reference data library; organizations should use CFIHOS, PCA RDL, or ISO 14224 for comprehensive equipment classification."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "COPI fornece categorias de alto nível de equipamentos definidas por função para demonstrar o mecanismo de classe definida. Os subtipos de equipamentos são anotados com referências aos termos do CFIHOS e do PCA RDL. COPI não é uma biblioteca de dados de referência; organizações devem utilizar o CFIHOS, o PCA RDL ou a ISO 14224 para classificação abrangente de equipamentos."@pt-br ;
owl:versionInfo "1.1.0" ;
owl:imports <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/core/Core/> ;
owl:imports <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/2020/bfo.owl> ;
dcterms:creator "Nicolau Oyhenard dos Santos"@en ;
dcterms:contributor "Cauã Antunes" ;
dcterms:contributor "Haroldo Rojas" ;
dcterms:contributor "Rafael Petry" ;
dcterms:contributor "Régis Romeu" ;
dcterms:contributor "Mara Abel" ;
dcterms:isPartOf <https://inf.ufrgs.br/projetos/OntoKG> ;
dcterms:publisher "Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)"@en ;
dcterms:license <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
dcterms:created "2026-04-08"^^xsd:date ;
dcterms:modified "2026-10-08"^^xsd:date ;
apv:GlobalMinLanguageCoverage "en pt-br" ;
apv:ClassURIFormationRule "https://www[.]inf[.]ufrgs[.]br/ontologies/copi/(COPI_[0-9]{7}|[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9]*)" ;
apv:ClassMinAnnotationCoverage "rdfs:label https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/annotation/naturalLanguageDefinition" .
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ;
apv:MinAnnotationLength 20 .
### Identity-giving function
:COPI_0000574 rdf:type owl:Class ; # MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction
rdfs:subClassOf iof-core:DesignedFunction ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty bfo:BFO_0000054 ; # realizedIn
owl:allValuesFrom :COPI_0000575 # MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty bfo:BFO_0000054 ; # realizedIn
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000575 # MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
] ;
rdfs:label "mechanical energy generation function"@en ;
rdfs:label "função de geração de energia mecânica"@pt-br .
### Process type
:COPI_0000575 rdf:type owl:Class ; # MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
rdfs:subClassOf iof-core:PlannedProcess ;
rdfs:label "mechanical energy generation process"@en ;
rdfs:label "processo de geração de energia mecânica"@pt-br .
:COPI_0000575 # MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasInput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000393 # FuelPortion
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasInput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000386 # PortionOfAir
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasSpecifiedOutput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000394 # ExhaustGas
] .
### Equipment universal: GasEngine
:COPI_0000285 rdf:type owl:Class ; # GasEngine
rdfs:subClassOf :COPI_0000264 ; # Engine
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasFunction ; # Object branch (MaterialArtifact/Assembly/Object/FiatObjectPart)
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000574 # MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction
] ;
rdfs:label "gas engine"@en ;
rdfs:label "motor a gás"@pt-br ;
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition "A gas engine is an engine that uses gaseous fuel as input, employs a spark ignition system, and operates with a reciprocating piston mechanism to generate mechanical energy."@en ;
skos:definition "A gas engine is an engine that uses gaseous fuel as input, employs a spark ignition system, and operates with a reciprocating piston mechanism to generate mechanical energy."@en ;
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition "Um motor a gás é um motor que usa combustível gasoso como entrada, emprega um sistema de ignição por centelha e opera com um mecanismo de pistão alternativo para gerar energia mecânica."@pt-br ;
iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageAxiom "Every gas engine is an engine that has gaseous fuel portion as input and has spark ignition system as component part at all times and has reciprocating piston mechanism as component part at all times."@en ;
iof-av:firstOrderLogicAxiom "∀x(GasEngine(x) → Engine(x) ∧ ∃f,s,r(FuelPortion(f) ∧ SparkIgnitionSystem(s) ∧ ReciprocatingPistonMechanism(r) ∧ hasInput(x,f) ∧ hasComponentPartAtAllTimes(x,s) ∧ hasComponentPartAtAllTimes(x,r)))"@en ;
iof-av:isPrimitive "true"^^xsd:boolean ;
iof-av:primitiveRationale "Gas engine is defined by constructive characteristics (gaseous fuel, spark ignition, reciprocating mechanism) rather than a unique function. Under Open World Assumption, making these conditions sufficient could lead to false positives where complex hybrid engines or experimental designs with these features are automatically classified as standard gas engines when they might require different maintenance/operational categories."@en ;
skos:definition "[ISO 15926-4] A <GAS ENGINE> is an <INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE> and a <RECIPROCATING PISTON ENGINE> in which gaseous fuel is mixed with air to form a combustible mixture in a cylinder which is fired by spark ignition"@en ;
skos:definition "[CFIHOS] An internal combustion engine that is a reciprocating engine in which gaseous fuel is mixed with air to form a combustible mixture in a cylinder which is fired by spark ignition."@en ;
skos:definition "[POSC Caesar] An internal combustion engine that is a reciprocating engine in which gaseous fuel is mixed with air to form a combustible mixture in a cylinder which is fired by spark ignition."@en .
# Disjointness: GasEngine and DieselEngine
[] rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses ;
owl:members ( :COPI_0000285 :COPI_0000250 ) . # GasEngine, DieselEngine
Axiomatization Decision Log
1
Identity-Giving Function
Function class
MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction
⊑ DesignedFunction
Realized in
MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
⊑ PlannedProcess
Gas engine shares the same identity-giving function as the already-enriched 'engine' class - converting fuel energy into mechanical energy. The gaseous fuel and spark ignition are constructive differentia, not functional differentia.
2
Genus Determination
Engine
From the parent candidates, 'engine' is the most specific appropriate superclass and is already enriched in our ontology with MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction. While 'INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE' and 'RECIPROCATING PISTON ENGINE' are more specific, they are not yet enriched. The genus 'engine' provides the correct functional basis, and the gas engine differentia will specify the constructive details.
3
Necessary Parts
No necessary parts recorded (concept may be primitive at this level).
These parts are universally necessary for gas engine operation: ignition system for combustion initiation, reciprocating mechanism for energy conversion, cylinder block for containment, and gas admission system for fuel delivery.
4
Process Participation Signature ⟨I, O, T⟩
Inputs (I)
FuelPortion
— combustible gas (natural gas, propane, biogas, etc.)
PortionOfAir
— atmospheric air for combustion
Outputs (O)
ExhaustGas
— combustion products
Transformation (T)
chemical energy from gaseous fuel combustion converted to mechanical energy via reciprocating piston mechanism
Gas engines specifically consume gaseous fuel and air, producing mechanical energy and exhaust gases through internal combustion process with reciprocating motion.
5
Axiom Mode Decision
Necessary conditions only
— modelled as a primitive universal
(⊑, SubClassOf). Identity is grounded in designed
function and cannot be reduced to a property checklist.
Gas engine is defined by constructive characteristics (gaseous fuel, spark ignition, reciprocating mechanism) rather than a unique function. Under Open World Assumption, making these conditions sufficient could lead to false positives where complex hybrid engines or experimental designs with these features are automatically classified as standard gas engines when they might require different maintenance/operational categories.
Disjointness Axioms
diesel engine
C1: diesel engine. Incompatible fuel input types: gas engines require gaseous fuel while diesel engines require liquid fuel, and steam engines use external heat source rather than internal combustion of fuel.
Cross-Standard Observations
All three sources (ISO 15926, CFIHOS, POSC Caesar) provide nearly identical definitions, emphasizing the consistency of this concept across industrial standards. All specify the key characteristics: internal combustion, reciprocating operation, gaseous fuel, and spark ignition.
