exported
necessary
engine
IRI:
http://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi#Engine
Generated on 2026-04-16
Natural Language Definition
EN
An engine is a motor that converts chemical fuel energy into mechanical force and motion through combustion processes.
PT-BR
Um motor é um motor que converte energia de combustível químico em força mecânica e movimento através de processos de combustão.
Formal Axioms
Semi-formal (Aristotelian)
Every Engine is a Motor that has function MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction and has input ChemicalFuelPortion and participates in CombustionProcess.
First-Order Logic Theory
Loading…
▸ Stored override
∀x (Engine(x) ↔ Motor(x) ∧ ∃f(MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction(f) ∧ bearerOf(x,f)) ∧ ∃p(FuelPortion(p) ∧ hasInput(x,p)) ∧ ∃c(CombustionProcess(c) ∧ participatesIn(x,c)))
OWL 2 / Turtle
@prefix copi: <https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi/> .
@prefix : <https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix bfo: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/> .
@prefix iof-core: <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/construct/> .
@prefix iof-av: <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/annotation/> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix qudt: <http://qudt.org/schema/qudt/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix apv: <http://inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/apv#> .
### COPI — Core Ontology for Petroleum Installations
### Class module: Engine
<https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontologies/copi>
rdf:type owl:Ontology ;
dcterms:title "Core Ontology for Petroleum Installations (COPI)"@en ;
dcterms:title "Ontologia Core para Instalações de Petróleo (COPI)"@pt-br ;
dcterms:description "BFO/IOF-Core conformant ontology of equipment classes for petroleum production plants, developed using the five-step RDL enrichment method."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "Material artifacts (bfo:material_entity) that (i) are part of a petroleum production plant, and (ii) bear at least one function whose realization involves the transport (e.g. production and injection), processing (separation and other processes), control, monitoring, measurement, containment or offloading of material or energy."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "Artefatos materiais (bfo:material_entity) que (i) fazem parte de uma planta de produção de petróleo, e (ii) possuem ao menos uma função cuja realização envolve o transporte (p. ex. produção e injeção), processamento (separação e outros processos), controle, monitoramento, medição, contenção ou escoamento de material ou energia."@pt-br ;
skos:scopeNote "COPI provides high-level equipment categories defined by function to demonstrate the defined-class mechanism. Equipment subtypes are annotated with references to CFIHOS and PCA RDL terms. COPI is not a reference data library; organizations should use CFIHOS, PCA RDL, or ISO 14224 for comprehensive equipment classification."@en ;
skos:scopeNote "COPI fornece categorias de alto nível de equipamentos definidas por função para demonstrar o mecanismo de classe definida. Os subtipos de equipamentos são anotados com referências aos termos do CFIHOS e do PCA RDL. COPI não é uma biblioteca de dados de referência; organizações devem utilizar o CFIHOS, o PCA RDL ou a ISO 14224 para classificação abrangente de equipamentos."@pt-br ;
owl:versionInfo "1.1.0" ;
owl:imports <https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/core/Core/> ;
owl:imports <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/2020/bfo.owl> ;
dcterms:creator "Nicolau Oyhenard dos Santos"@en ;
dcterms:contributor "Cauã Antunes" ;
dcterms:contributor "Haroldo Rojas" ;
dcterms:contributor "Rafael Petry" ;
dcterms:contributor "Régis Romeu" ;
dcterms:contributor "Mara Abel" ;
dcterms:isPartOf <https://inf.ufrgs.br/projetos/OntoKG> ;
dcterms:publisher "Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)"@en ;
dcterms:license <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
dcterms:created "2026-04-08"^^xsd:date ;
dcterms:modified "2026-10-08"^^xsd:date ;
apv:GlobalMinLanguageCoverage "en pt-br" ;
apv:ClassURIFormationRule "https://www[.]inf[.]ufrgs[.]br/ontologies/copi/(COPI_[0-9]{7}|[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9]*)" ;
apv:ClassMinAnnotationCoverage "rdfs:label https://spec.industrialontologies.org/ontology/annotation/naturalLanguageDefinition" .
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ;
apv:MinAnnotationLength 20 .
### Identity-giving function
:COPI_0000574 rdf:type owl:Class ; # MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction
rdfs:subClassOf iof-core:DesignedFunction ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty bfo:BFO_0000054 ; # realizedIn
owl:allValuesFrom :COPI_0000575 # MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty bfo:BFO_0000054 ; # realizedIn
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000575 # MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
] ;
rdfs:label "mechanical energy generation function"@en ;
rdfs:label "função de geração de energia mecânica"@pt-br .
### Process type
:COPI_0000575 rdf:type owl:Class ; # MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
rdfs:subClassOf iof-core:PlannedProcess ;
rdfs:label "mechanical energy generation process"@en ;
rdfs:label "processo de geração de energia mecânica"@pt-br .
:COPI_0000575 # MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasInput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000393 # FuelPortion
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasInput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000386 # PortionOfAir
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasSpecifiedOutput ;
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000394 # ExhaustGas
] .
### Equipment universal: Engine
:COPI_0000264 rdf:type owl:Class ; # Engine
rdfs:subClassOf :COPI_0000315 ; # Motor
rdfs:subClassOf [
rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty iof-core:hasFunction ; # Object branch (MaterialArtifact/Assembly/Object/FiatObjectPart)
owl:someValuesFrom :COPI_0000574 # MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction
] ;
rdfs:label "engine"@en ;
rdfs:label "motor"@pt-br ;
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition "An engine is a motor that converts chemical fuel energy into mechanical force and motion through combustion processes."@en ;
skos:definition "An engine is a motor that converts chemical fuel energy into mechanical force and motion through combustion processes."@en ;
iof-av:naturalLanguageDefinition "Um motor é um motor que converte energia de combustível químico em força mecânica e movimento através de processos de combustão."@pt-br ;
iof-av:semiFormalNaturalLanguageAxiom "Every Engine is a Motor that has function MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction and has input ChemicalFuelPortion and participates in CombustionProcess."@en ;
iof-av:firstOrderLogicAxiom "∀x (Engine(x) ↔ Motor(x) ∧ ∃f(MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction(f) ∧ bearerOf(x,f)) ∧ ∃p(FuelPortion(p) ∧ hasInput(x,p)) ∧ ∃c(CombustionProcess(c) ∧ participatesIn(x,c)))"@en ;
iof-av:isPrimitive "true"^^xsd:boolean ;
skos:definition "[ISO 15926-4] An <ENGINE> is a <MOTOR> and a <MACHINE> that converts energy into mechanical force and motion"@en ;
skos:definition "[CFIHOS] An internal combustion engine that is an induction compression ignition exhaust engine which ignites a fuel air mixture."@en .
# Disjointness: Engine and ElectricMotor
[] rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses ;
owl:members ( :COPI_0000264 :COPI_0000113 ) . # Engine, ElectricMotor
# Disjointness: Engine and PneumaticMotor
[] rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses ;
owl:members ( :COPI_0000264 :COPI_0000328 ) . # Engine, PneumaticMotor
Axiomatization Decision Log
1
Identity-Giving Function
Function class
MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction
⊑ DesignedFunction
Realized in
MechanicalEnergyGenerationProcess
⊑ PlannedProcess
The identity-giving function is mechanical energy generation through energy conversion. This aligns with the already-enriched 'motor' class which has the same function, indicating engines and motors share this fundamental function but may differ in implementation mechanisms.
2
Genus Determination
Motor
ISO15926 explicitly states that an ENGINE is a MOTOR and a MACHINE. The 'motor' class is already enriched in our ontology with MechanicalEnergyGenerationFunction. This creates a clean inheritance where engines are a specialized type of motor with additional constraints on the energy conversion mechanism.
3
Necessary Parts
No necessary parts recorded (concept may be primitive at this level).
These parts are fundamental to the combustion process that differentiates engines from other motors. All engine subtypes (diesel, gas, petrol) require these functional components regardless of their specific implementation details.
4
Process Participation Signature ⟨I, O, T⟩
Inputs (I)
FuelPortion
— combustible hydrocarbon or alternative fuel
PortionOfAir
— oxidizer for combustion
Outputs (O)
ExhaustGas
— combustion products
Transformation (T)
chemical energy from fuel combustion converted to mechanical work with waste heat and exhaust products
This signature captures the fundamental thermodynamic cycle of engines: fuel and air inputs undergo combustion to produce mechanical work output plus exhaust products. This distinguishes engines from other motors by the combustion-based energy conversion.
5
Axiom Mode Decision
Necessary conditions only
— modelled as a primitive universal
(⊑, SubClassOf). Identity is grounded in designed
function and cannot be reduced to a property checklist.
Disjointness Axioms
ElectricMotor
PneumaticMotor
C2: PneumaticMotor. C4: ElectricMotor. Engines use chemical fuel combustion as energy source, which is incompatible with the electrical energy input of electric motors, pressurized fluid input of hydraulic motors, or compressed gas input of pneumatic motors. The energy conversion mechanisms are mutually exclusive.
Cross-Standard Observations
ISO15926 provides a broader functional definition encompassing any energy-to-mechanical conversion, while CFIHOS focuses specifically on internal combustion engines with detailed ignition processes. The ontological definition bridges these by establishing engines as combustion-based motors, allowing for various combustion mechanisms while maintaining the fuel-based constraint.
